Geothermal Basics

Hot Springs in Steamboat Springs, Nevada.

Here, you can:

Learn about geothermal energy and enhanced geothermal systems.
Discover answers to your questions in the Frequently Asked Questions section.
Read about some of the successes and awards achieved by DOE geothermal technologies and researchers.
Learn about the history of geothermal development.
Look up a definition for a geothermal term in the glossary.

Geothermal Overview

Several geothermal power plants at The Geysers.

Heat from the Earth, or geothermal — Geo (Earth) + thermal (heat) — energy can be and already is accessed by drilling water or steam wells in a process similar to drilling for oil. Geothermal energy is an enormous, underused heat and power resource that is clean (emits little or no greenhouse gases), reliable (average system availability of 95%), and homegrown (making us less dependent on foreign oil).

Geothermal resources range from shallow ground to hot water and rock several miles below the Earth's surface, and even farther down to the extremely hot molten rock called magma. Mile-or-more-deep wells can be drilled into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that can be brought to the surface for use in a variety of applications. In the U.S., most geothermal reservoirs are located in the western states, Alaska, and Hawaii.

Power Plants Generate Electricity from Geothermal Reservoirs

A diamond-studded drill bit developed at Sandia National Laboratories.

Mile-or-more-deep wells can be drilled into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that drive turbines that drive electricity generators. For more information on power plants and geothermal reservoirs, see (PDF 120 KB) and (PDF 110 KB). Download Adobe Reader.

Three types of power plants are operating today:

Dry steam plants, which directly use geothermal steam to turn turbines;
Flash steam plants, which pull deep, high-pressure hot water into lower-pressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive turbines; and
Binary-cycle plants, which pass moderately hot geothermal water by a secondary fluid with a much lower boiling point than water. This causes the secondary fluid to flash to vapor, which then drives the turbines.

Snow melting on sidewalks in Klamath Falls, OR.

Direct-Use Piped Hot Water Warms Greenhouses and Melts Sidewalk Snow

In the U.S., most geothermal reservoirs are located in the western states, Alaska, and Hawaii. Hot water near Earth's surface can be piped directly into facilities and used to heat buildings, grow plants in greenhouses, dehydrate onions and garlic, heat water for fish farming, and pasteurize milk. Some cities pipe the hot water under roads and sidewalks to melt snow. District heating applications use networks of piped hot water to heat buildings in whole communities. For more information on direct use of geothermal energy, see (PDF 110 KB). Download Adobe Reader.

Geothermal Heat Pumps (GHPs) Use Shallow Ground Energy to Heat and Cool Buildings

Photo of Buildings in Louisville, Kentucky.

World's Largest Heat Pump System in Louisville, KY.

Almost everywhere, the upper 10 feet of Earth's surface maintains a nearly constant temperature between 50 and 60°F (10 and 16°C). A geothermal heat pump system consists of pipes buried in the shallow ground near the building, a heat exchanger, and ductwork into the building. In winter, heat from the relatively warmer ground goes through the heat exchanger into the house. In summer, hot air from the house is pulled through the heat exchanger into the relatively cooler ground. Heat removed during the summer can be used as no-cost energy to heat water.

The Future of Geothermal Energy

This 3,000 sq. ft. house in Oklahoma City has a verified average electric bill of $60 per month - using a geothermal heat pump.

The three technologies discussed above use only a tiny fraction of the total geothermal resource. Several miles everywhere beneath Earth's surface is hot, dry rock being heated by the molten magma directly below it. Technology is being developed to drill into this rock, inject cold water down one well, circulate it through the hot, fractured rock, and draw off the heated water from another well. One day, we might also be able to recover heat directly from the magma.

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